Cooling a chassis by moving air through a midplane between two sets of channels oriented laterally relative to one another

ABSTRACT

Heat dissipating electronic components and circuitry in a communication chassis are cooled by moving air at least through a midplane, between two groups of channels that are laterally oriented relative to one another. In an illustrative embodiment, channels of one group are oriented vertically while channels of another group are oriented horizontally. Each channel, regardless of whether it is vertical or horizontal, is defined by space in the chassis between adjacent circuit boards. Circuit boards on one side of the midplane are electrically connected to circuit boards on the other side of the midplane by orthogonal connectors on the midplane. The midplane additionally has openings that enable movement of air between vertically-oriented channels and horizontally-oriented channels. Circuit boards of the two orientations are cooled by increasing air pressure in vertically-oriented channels or by decreasing air pressure in horizontally-oriented channels or both, depending on the embodiment.

CROSS REFERENCE TO PARENT APPLICATION

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/210,211 filed on Sep. 14, 2008 and entitled “COOLING A CHASSIS BY MOVING AIR THROUGH A MIDPLANE BETWEEN TWO SETS OF CHANNELS ORIENTED LATERALLY RELATIVE TO ONE ANOTHER” which in turn is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/148,281 filed on Apr. 16, 2008 by Stephen J. West as the first named inventor, entitled “MULTI-FABRIC SHELF FOR A TRANSPORT NETWORK”. Each of U.S. application Ser. Nos. 12/210,211 and 12/148,281 is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

RE-VISIT NOTICE

Applicant(s) hereby rescind any disclaimer of claim scope in the parent application (namely U.S. application Ser. No. 12/210,211) or the prosecution history thereof and advise the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) that the claims in this continuation application may be broader than any claim in the parent application. Accordingly, Applicant(s) notify the USPTO of a need to re-visit the disclaimer of claim scope in the parent application, and to further re-visit all prior art cited in the parent application, including but not limited to cited references over which any disclaimer of claim scope was made in the parent application or the prosecution history thereof. See Hakim v. Cannon Avent Group, PLC, 479 F.3d 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2007). Moreover, any disclaimer made in the current application should not be read into or against the parent.

BACKGROUND

Density and power dissipation of electronics used in telecommunications is increasing. Effective cooling design is a critical component of the design of the chassis (also called “shelf’) commonly used to house such electronic equipment. Prior art methods of cooling are illustrated (FIG. 1) by the Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA), a series of industry specification standards for next generation carrier grade communications equipment, such as ATCA 3.0. The ATCA specification defines the physical and electrical characteristics of such as form factors, power, cooling, management interfaces, and the electromechanical specification of ATCA-compliant boards.

FIG. 1 illustrates a side view of a prior art shelf 100 in conformance with ATCA. Shelf 100 has fans 121 and 122 located adjacent to a rear side of shelf 100. When fans 121 and 122 are operated, air is pulled into shelf 100 at a front side into a bottom plenum 110. From plenum 110, a portion of air is pulled into a planar channel 111 between two front boards, as illustrated by arrows 101 and 102. From planar channel 111 air is pulled into a top plenum 112 as shown by arrows 104 and 105. In addition, air is also pulled from bottom plenum 110 into another planar channel 113 that is defined between two rear transition modules (RTMs), as illustrated by arrow 103. Air in channel 113 is pulled into the top plenum 112 as illustrated by arrow 106.

Inventors of the current patent application believe that improvements in the prior art air flow shown in FIG. 1 are desired.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the invention, heat dissipating electronic components and circuitry in a communication chassis are cooled by moving air at least through a wall (called “midplane”) that is positioned between two groups of planar channels oriented laterally relative to one another. In an illustrative embodiment, planar channels within one group are oriented vertically and planar channels within another group are oriented horizontally. Each planar channel, regardless of whether it is vertical or horizontal, is defined by space in the chassis between adjacent circuit boards. Circuit boards on one side of the midplane are electrically connected to circuit boards on the other side of the midplane by orthogonal connectors in the midplane. The midplane additionally has openings that support movement of air between vertically-oriented channels and horizontally-oriented channels. In one embodiment, the openings are located at intersections between vertically-oriented channels and horizontally-oriented channels (formed by assuming zero midplane thickness).

Circuit boards in the two orientations are cooled by causing air to flow across them by either increasing air pressure in vertically-oriented channels or decreasing air pressure in horizontally-oriented channels or both, depending on the embodiment. Changes in air pressure are accomplished by use of fans in many embodiments. Certain embodiments that do not use fans within a chassis use an external forced air cooling system (by coupling the vertical and horizontal channels of the chassis directly or indirectly to outlet(s) and inlet(s) of the system). Increasing air pressure in vertically-oriented channels (by use of a fan to blow air therein) results in air being pushed via midplane openings into horizontally-oriented channels wherefrom the air leaves the chassis. Alternatively, or additionally, decreasing the air pressure in the horizontally-oriented channels results in air being pulled through the midplane openings, from vertically-oriented channels.

One illustrative embodiment of such a chassis further includes an intake plenum located in an air flow path from ambient into the vertically-oriented channels. The illustrative embodiment further includes an exhaust plenum located in an air flow path from the vertically-oriented channels to the ambient. Use of either or both plenums as just described for the illustrative embodiment balances air flow through the chassis, which enables the chassis to continue operating even after failure of one fan among a group of fans that are used to change air pressure. The just described illustrative embodiment also includes additional vertical channels, on the same side as and adjacent to the horizontal channels, and these additional vertical channels also receive air from the above-described vertical channels, by movement of additional air through the midplane.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates, in a cross-sectional side view, a chassis of the prior art.

FIG. 2A illustrates, in an exploded perspective view, use of two groups of planar channels in accordance with the invention, one group of planar channel oriented vertically and another group of planar channels oriented horizontally.

FIG. 2B illustrates, in a perspective view, the set of channels of FIG. 2A and further shows air flow within channels, as well as connectors that electrically connect circuit boards in one group to circuit boards in the other group.

FIG. 2C illustrates, in a perspective view, the set of channels illustrated in FIG. 2B in combination with an intake chamber, a fan assembly and an intake plenum, as well as additional vertical channels, and the shelf shown in an outline form.

FIG. 2D illustrates the shelf of FIGS. 2B and 2C mounted in a telco rack.

FIG. 2E illustrates, in a flow chart, a method in accordance with the invention, for assembling a shelf of electronics in a communication network.

FIG. 3A illustrates, in a perspective view, a chassis in one illustrative embodiment of the invention, and air flow therethrough.

FIG. 3B is an enlarged view of a portion of the chassis illustrated in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3C illustrates, in a flow chart, a method in accordance with the invention, for cooling a chassis of electronics in a communication network.

FIG. 4A illustrates the chassis of FIG. 3A in a front elevation view.

FIGS. 4B and 4C illustrate a side view and a rear view respectively, of the chassis of FIG. 4A.

FIGS. 4D and 4E illustrate a front view and a perspective of a front region of the shelf of FIGS. 4A-4C, the front region being used to form inlet channels.

FIGS. 4F and 4G illustrate a rear view and a perspective of a rear region of the shelf of FIGS. 4A-4E, the rear region being used to form horizontal channels.

FIG. 4H is same as FIG. 4D with the addition of a section line A-A along which is shown a cross-sectional view in FIG. 4I.

FIG. 4I is a cross-sectional view along section line A-A of FIG. 4H.

FIG. 4J is an exploded view of the shelf of FIGS. 4A-4I, wherein top and side portions of the shelf are removed to improve clarity.

FIG. 5 is a side view of a schematic of resistance to movement of air in a chassis in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with the invention, a shelf (also called “chassis”) of heat dissipating electronic components and circuitry in a communication network is cooled by air flowing from a vertical channel 201 (FIG. 2A) into multiple horizontal channels 202 and 203 via openings 235 and 236 in a wall (called midplane) 231 that may be located approximately half-way within the shelf. The just-described channels 201, 202 and 203 are all planar, wherein two dimensions of each channel (e.g. length and width) are several times (e.g. an order of magnitude) larger than a third dimension of the channel (e.g. thickness). Each of channels 201, 202 and 203 is formed by space between adjacent circuit boards, such as printed circuit boards (PCBs) that carry electronic circuitry, such as switches, routers, transceivers, serializers, deserializers, and/or microprocessors.

In FIG. 2A, a vertical channel 201 is formed by insertion of circuit board 211 adjacent to a right side wall 212 of the chassis, through a front side of a chassis (not shown in FIG. 2A), by a human sliding board 211 into a vertical slot in a front region (also called “front volume”) of the chassis. Similarly, horizontal channels 202 and 203 are respectively formed by insertion of circuit boards 215 and 216 through a rear side of the chassis, by the human sliding circuit boards 215, 216 into a rear region (also called “rear volume”) of the chassis.

On completely sliding a circuit board (such as one of boards 211, 215 and 216 described above), one or more connectors on the circuit board engage with corresponding orthogonal connector(s) in midplane 231 (not shown in FIG. 2A to improve legibility of this drawing; instead please see FIG. 2B). Accordingly, midplane 231 provides electrical connectivity between one or more horizontally-oriented boards 215, 216 and vertically-oriented board 211.

In several embodiments of the invention, channels 202 and 203 are oriented laterally (i.e. sideways, e.g. perpendicular) relative to channel 201. In one embodiment, the just-described two orientations are exactly perpendicular to one another, although note that precise angles of such orientation are different in alternative embodiments. In some alternative embodiments, the just-described orientations are just approximately (but not exactly) perpendicular within a predetermined tolerance on their relative angular orientation (e.g. 10%).

During operation, air pressure relative to ambient is changed within the chassis, either in one group or in both groups of channels, depending on the embodiment. For example, certain embodiments create air pressure greater than ambient in vertically oriented channel 211, thereby to push air from channel 211 via midplane openings 235 and 236, as streams (also called “flows”) 221 and 222 that respectively enter the horizontal channels 202 and 203. Other embodiments create negative pressure in horizontal channels 202 and 203, thereby to cause air to be pulled into horizontal channels 202 and 203 from midplane openings 235 and 236, as streams 221 and 222 from vertical channel 201. Still other embodiments may change pressure in both groups of channels simultaneously so as to create a greater air flow (per unit time), relative to embodiments that change air pressure in only a single group of channels.

Regardless of where air pressure is changed, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2A vertical channel 201 receives cold air from outside the shelf. The cold air drawn into channel 201 warms up due to heat dissipated by circuit board 211. Accordingly, a flow 221 (FIG. 2A) of the warmed air from channel 201 enters channel 202, while another flow 222 of the air in channel 201 simultaneously enters channel 203. Thereafter, air in flows 221 and 222 which enters respective channels 202 and 203 is further heated up, by heat being dissipated by the respective pairs of circuit boards 214, 215 (for channel 202) and circuit boards 215, 216 (for channel 203). Hot air from flows 221 and 222 leaves the shelf from channels 202 and 203, i.e. is exhausted into ambient.

Cooling of a chassis by air flows 221 and 222 (FIG. 2A) through midplane 231 between planar channels oriented laterally relative to one another has several advantages. Firstly, use of vertical channels (formed by vertical circuit boards) and horizontal channels (formed by horizontal circuit boards) significantly increases the number of electrical connections that can be made between electronic subassemblies used in telecommunication equipment. With such an orthogonal midplane design, high power dissipating switching fabric electronics are built on horizontally mounted blades 215, 216 at the rear of the chassis and optical and/or electrical line cards are built as a vertically mounted blade 211.

In contrast to FIG. 2A, current inventors note that the prior art of FIG. 1 does not disclose horizontally mounted PCB assemblies at the rear of the chassis. The current inventors also note that if FIG. 1's design is used with horizontally mounted PCB assemblies, airflow is likely to be blocked. FIG. 1 does not appear to disclose how to generate air flow to dissipate heat from horizontally mounted PCB assemblies in the rear. Furthermore, FIG. 1 does not seem to take into account the type of front boards and the type of rear boards, i.e. whether switch fabric boards are in the front or the rear of the chassis. Accordingly, embodiments of the type described above in reference to FIG. 2A are believed to be novel, and nowhere disclosed or rendered obvious by any prior art known to the inventors.

Note that in FIG. 2A only three channels have been shown, to improve clarity. Also, the distances in FIG. 2A are exaggerated to further improve clarity and illustrate the inventive concept. Several details related to implementation are further illustrated in FIG. 2B, such as a connector 281 on vertical circuit board 211 that plugs into a corresponding connector 282 on midplane 231. Connector 282 on midplane 231 can also be plugged into on the rear side by connector 283 on board 214. Note that in some embodiments, connector 283 is an orthogonal connector (such as Molex I-Trac) that provides electrical coupling between circuitry in board 211 and circuitry in board 214. As shown in FIG. 2B, an opening for air flow through midplane 231 is typically located between two orthogonal connectors, such as opening 236 between connectors 282 and 284 and opening 235 between connectors 284 and 285.

In some embodiments, the dimensions of connectors and the dimensions of openings in midplane 231 respectively needed for electrical interconnect and cooling are such that space remaining in the midplane 231, e.g. within in a given column (or row) becomes too small to maintain structural integrity (e.g. mechanical strength) of midplane 231. In such embodiments, one or more stiffeners are used to improve the strength of midplane 231. For example, see stiffeners 411A-411C in FIG. 4D. Such stiffeners may be made of any material and of any dimensions selected to improve strength and rigidity e.g. aluminum bars may be used.

FIG. 2B illustrates four air flow patterns 221-224 in accordance with the invention, in the presence of additional circuit boards and additional channels relative to FIG. 2A. Specifically, insertion of circuit board 213 into the front volume 232 (FIG. 5) of the chassis defines an additional vertical channel 209 (FIG. 2B) between circuit boards 211 and 213. Vertical channel 209 provides a flow 223 of air into horizontal channel 204. Dashed arrows in FIG. 2B illustrate air flows 223 and 224 from vertical channel 209 to the respective horizontal channels 204 and 203. Moreover, as illustrated in FIG. 2B, air streams 296 and 297 that carry heat from the chassis, exit into the ambient horizontally.

In one illustrative embodiment, each vertical channel 201 and 209 has an inlet connected to a common plenum to receive therefrom flows 291 and 292 of air drawn from outside the shelf. For example, flows 291 and 292 are received as shown in FIG. 2C from a plenum 229 (also referred to as an intake plenum) that is horizontally oriented relative to vertical channels 201 and 209. Plenum 229 in turn receives air from one or more fans in a fan assembly 228 located adjacent to plenum 229. Fan(s) in assembly 228 draw cool air from outside the shelf through an inlet chamber 227 (FIG. 2C) and generate negative air pressure (relative to ambient) in chamber 227 as shown by the minus signs “−” in FIG. 2C.

The fans push the outside-drawn air into plenum 229 thereby to generate positive air pressure (relative to ambient) in plenum 229, as shown by the plus signs “+” in FIG. 2C. In the illustrative embodiment, fan(s) 228 push air into plenum 229 through an air filter (not shown). Air in plenum 229 is at high pressure (relative to ambient) and hence moves into vertical channels 201 and 209, via openings in a guide (not shown in FIG. 2B; see guide 305 in FIG. 4G) that defines the slots for circuit boards 211 and 213. The air pressure in vertical channels 201 and 209 is positive, as shown by the plus signs “+” in FIG. 2C. Thus, each of the fan(s) 228 may have its axis of rotation parallel to one of the circuit boards 211, 213.

A schematic diagram of this illustrative embodiment is shown in FIG. 5 wherein the same symbols “+” and “−” are used to indicate air pressures above and below ambient respectively, and additionally in FIG. 5 the symbol “c” denotes cold, “w” denotes warm and “h” denotes hot. As seen in FIG. 5, in one embodiment, hot air exits horizontally from the chassis, and does so throughout the entire rear region thereof (i.e. from the bottom of the backside to the top of the back side).

In an illustrative embodiment, the chassis also includes a top plenum 302 into which air flows from vertical channels 201, 209 etc., due to the positive air pressure therein. The top plenum 302 is used to increase the air flow rate through the vertical channels in some embodiments wherein vertical circuit boards dissipate more heat than horizontal circuit boards.

In some embodiments, the cooling of electronic components uses a minimum rate of flow of cooler air over all components (commonly measured as a velocity in units of linear feet per minute). The flow of air encounters resistance created by the physical size of the components in the channels. Hence, the air flow is balanced in an attempt to ensure that sufficient air flows over all components in all channels. To accomplish this balancing, the resistance to air flow through the alternative exhaust paths is also managed by a human designer of the chassis.

FIG. 2C further illustrates a chassis 230 with a wall 231 in combination with an additional set of vertical circuit boards in the rear of the chassis, such as board 214. Board 214 may be, for example, a rear transition module (RTM). Wall 231 divides shelf 230 into two volumes 232 and 233. Circuit boards 271 that define vertical channels are held in front volume 232 by top and bottom guides (not shown in FIG. 2C, also called “card guides”; see bottom guide 305 in FIG. 4G), each guide including one or more rails (not shown in FIG. 2C) to define a slot for insertion of each circuit board 271 into front volume 232. Moreover, horizontal circuit boards 272 and vertical circuit boards 273 are held in rear volume 233, in two spaces thereof. Specifically, an upper space in rear volume 233 has guides to receive and hold circuit horizontal boards 272 (also called electronic fabric modules or EFM) while a lower space in rear volume 233 has guides to receive and hold vertical circuit boards 273 (also called rear transition modules or RTMs).

Wall 231 has an additional opening 234 that spans across circuit boards 273 that define vertical channels in the rear. Opening 234 enables streams of air (such as stream 225 in FIG. 2C similar to the above-described streams) to pass freely between vertical channels defined by boards 271 in the front and vertical channels defined by boards 273 in the rear. Note that instead of a single opening, other embodiments use one or more rows of openings.

Also, in the example illustrated in FIG. 2C, there are four vertical channels (e.g. channel 201) that are defined by boards 271 in the front, and two horizontal channels 203 and 204 defined by boards 272 in the rear. Accordingly, midplane 231 has eight openings, including opening 235 (FIG. 2B) that passes stream 222 to horizontal channel 203 and opening 236 that passes stream 221 to horizontal channel 204. Note that if there are M vertical channels in a chassis as described herein, and N horizontal channels, then wall 231 has N*M number of openings in this example. In other embodiments, two or more such openings are merged together to form a single slot that serves the same purpose, namely enabling air to move through a midplane.

In one illustrative embodiment, a shelf 230 (FIGS. 2A-2C) includes printed circuit boards containing optical, packet and electrical fabrics in the upper space of rear volume 233, while front volume 232 houses inter-fabric circuitries and external interface circuitries. In an illustrative embodiment, each of packet fabric, electrical fabric and optical fabric is built into its own modular enclosure (called “module”) instead of a printed circuit board. For example, see optical fabric module 419 and electrical fabric module 215 in FIG. 4C. Note that air flow between longitudinal and lateral channels as described herein, is in several embodiments, implemented with modules instead of printed circuit boards. Accordingly, the term “circuit boards” is used synonymously with module. Moreover, the term “module” is interchangeable with the term “line card” and with the term “blade,” and hence synonymously used herein.

In one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2D, a chassis 230 is mounted in a rack 280 at a telecommunication facility. Accordingly, chassis 230 has several circuit boards (or modules or line cards) 271 in a front region thereof, oriented vertically parallel to the sides of chassis 230, and perpendicular to midplane 231. For example, if midplane 231 is vertical and in the East-West direction, then circuit boards 271 are also vertical but in the North-South direction. Moreover, in an upper space within rear volume 233, chassis 230 has circuit boards (or modules or line cards) 272 that are horizontally mounted, thereby defining horizontal channels. Additionally, in a lower space within rear volume 233, chassis 230 has additional circuit boards (or modules or line cards) 273 that are vertically mounted, thereby defining vertical channels. The just-described orientation is deliberately chosen to provide maximum connectivity between circuit boards 271, 272 and 273 through midplane 231 (via openings therein). This orientation also provides maximum connectivity between channels that are defined by boards 271, 272 and 273.

Electrical connectors in midplane 231 can be, for example, Molex I-Trac connectors which eliminate the need for PCB-type traces in the midplane. Note that the same type of electrical connectors are used in connecting through the midplane to each of two fabric modules 214 and 215, e.g. packet fabric module and electrical fabric module. One illustrative embodiment utilizes a 6×6 connector that allows for 36 differential pairs per connector. The connector supports serial data rates of up to 12 Gbps.

Note that midplane 231 of the illustrative embodiment does not have any active circuitry to affect optical signals and/or electrical signals that travel between boards in rear volume 233 and boards in front volume 232. In one embodiment, midplane 231 includes one or more conductive sheet(s) for power and/or ground. As noted above, midplane 231 has built in electrical connectors and optical connectors (not shown in FIGS. 2A-2D; see electrical connectors 281, 284 and 285 and optical connector 401 in FIG. 4D) that passively couple connectors on horizontally-oriented boards 272 and vertically-oriented boards 273 in the rear volume 233 to corresponding connectors on vertically-oriented boards 271 in front volume 232. In one illustrative embodiment, midplane 231 has an upper row of optical connectors 401, and four rows of electrical connectors 281, 284, 285 . . . (all not shown in FIGS. 2A-2D; see FIGS. 4D-4J) through which horizontally oriented boards 272 in rear volume 233 are connected to vertically oriented boards 271 in front volume 232.

Shelf 230 has width and depth sufficient to fit within a telco rack 280 (FIG. 2D). Telco rack 280 may be a 7 foot tall open frame consisting of two posts 281 and 282 separated from each other by 23 inches or 600 mm, mounted on a base 284 and connected at the top by a cross-bar 283. Rack 280 is usually bolted to the floor in a central office of a telecommunications carrier. In one embodiment, the design of shelf 100 is based in part on Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture (ATCA), a series of industry specification standards for next generation carrier grade communications equipment, such as ATCA 3.0. The ATCA specification defines the physical and electrical characteristics of such as rack and shelf form factors, power, cooling, management interfaces, and the electromechanical specification of ATCA-compliant boards. In the just-described embodiment, a design described in the ATCA specification is modified by replacing the backplane with a midplane, and by adding horizontal modules.

A method of deploying a chassis 230 is now described in reference to FIG. 2E. Specifically, in act 261, a human inserts a pair of circuit boards 271 from a front side of shelf 230, e.g. between top and bottom guides (see horizontal guide 305) up to a front surface of wall 231 in the shelf, to form a vertical channel between the circuit boards 271. Vertical channel 201 which is thus formed has, at wall 231 multiple outlets into rear volume 233, e.g. formed by openings 234-236 in wall 231 (see FIG. 2C). Note that act 261 can be performed repeatedly. Moreover, act 261 can be performed in stages, e.g. one circuit board in the pair being inserted is first inserted thereby to complete a first stage, followed by insertion of the second circuit board, thereby to complete a second stage.

Additionally, in act 262, the human inserts an additional pair of circuit boards 272 in an upper space within rear volume 233 of shelf 230, e.g. between left and right guides (see vertical guide 491 in FIG. 4G) up to a rear surface of wall 231. On completion of act 262, a channel is formed between the additional pair of circuit boards 272, and this channel is oriented horizontally and therefore laterally relative to the vertical channel in the front volume of the chassis (e.g. in FIG. 2D, the vertical channel is vertical and this channel is horizontal). Note that such a horizontal channel has an inlet connected to an outlet of the vertical channel, via one of openings 235 and 236 in the wall 231.

Furthermore, in act 263, the human inserts still another pair of circuit boards 273 in a bottom space within the rear volume 233 of shelf 230, e.g. between top and bottom guides (see horizontal guide 493 in FIG. 4G) up to wall 231. On completion of act 262, a vertical channel is formed between the additional pair of circuit boards 273 and this channel is oriented longitudinally relative to the vertical channel in the front of the chassis (e.g. in FIG. 2D, the vertical channel is vertical and this exhaust channel is also vertical). Note that this vertical channel in the rear also has an inlet connected to an outlet of the vertical channel in the front, via one or more openings 234 in the wall 231.

FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the type described above in reference to FIGS. 2A-2E. Specifically chassis 300 has two fans 228 that together draw air through a grille 303 and push the air into plenum 229. Note that circuit board 218 in the bottom rear is cooled by air from flow 225 that is received via opening 234. Specifically, note that portion 231L of the midplane forces air driven by fans 228 to move through an opening 304 in a horizontal guide 305 into a vertical channel 201. A portion of the air in channel 201 forms a flow 225 that exits through opening 234 into vertical channel 202. By eliminating a pathway for air to go directly into channel 202 from plenum 229, cooling efficiency is improved because the cold air is first used to remove heat from boards 271.

FIG. 3A further illustrates a top plenum 302 (also called “exhaust plenum”) that is located above circuit boards 271. Hence, in this embodiment, circuit boards 271 located in front volume 232 are sandwiched between the two plenums 302 and 229. In this embodiment, at least some air exits each vertical channel, (e.g. channel 201) from the top of circuit boards 271 into plenum 302 and travels therefrom to an exhaust manifold 310 as stream 301 and then leaves chassis 300. Note that the chassis has a power module 399 located adjacent to the exhaust manifold 310 and hence airflow 301 flows around power module 399 when exiting the chassis. Although flows 301, 221, 222 and 225 are illustrated in FIG. 3A by arrows originating from openings in horizontal guide 305, it is to be understood that in practice no streams exist in front volume 232 due to turbulent mixing of the air in each vertical channel (e.g. channel 201) formed by boards 271. Instead, arrows 301, 221, 222 and 225 are merely illustrative of volume(s) of air moving between various channels.

FIG. 3B illustrates an enlarged view of a portion of midplane 231 showing openings 235 and 236 and an orthogonal connector 341 located between openings 235 and 236. Note that in FIGS. 3A and 3B the chassis is illustrated with trays 241-244 to be replaced during normal operation with circuit boards that contain electronic components and dissipate heat, such as horizontal boards 214, 215, 216 etc. Note further that in embodiments wherein there are no active electronic components and circuitry in a particular slot, an opening in midplane 231 is not required. Hence, air movement through midplane 231 is blocked and/or reduced, as illustrated by place-holder card(s) having wall(s) (see walls 345A-345C in FIG. 3B) to reduce the opening's cross-section available for air movement, so as to retain a positive pressure within the corresponding vertical channel (in volume 232 in FIG. 2C). Also as illustrated in FIG. 4C, the chassis may have an optical module 419 that does not does not generate heat, and accordingly there is no air flow provided to cool module 419 as shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 3C illustrates a method that is performed by a chassis of the type described above in some embodiments in accordance with the invention. Specifically, in act 351, the chassis moves air into a vertical channel 201 formed by a circuit board 211 and a wall 212 (FIG. 2C) that are spaced apart from one another in a front volume 232 of the chassis. Next, in act 352, one portion of said air travels from the vertical channel 201 into a horizontal channel 203 that is oriented laterally relative to the vertical channel 201 and is located in a rear volume of the chassis. Channel 203 is formed by another pair of circuit boards 215 and 216. In act 353, another portion of said air travels from vertical channel 201 in front volume 232 into another vertical channel 202 that is oriented longitudinally relative to vertical channel 201. Channel 202 is formed in a bottom space of rear volume 233 by yet another pair of circuit boards 218 and 217.

In act 354, a control circuit in the chassis senses one or more temperature(s) inside the chassis (e.g. temperature of a board may be sensed), and determines the power to be used in moving air. For example, in act 354, the chassis senses temperature of all boards and identifies a maximum temperature, and uses that maximum temperature to perform a lookup of a table that maps temperature ranges to fan power. The chassis returns to act 351, using the fan power determined in act 354 to now move the air. Thus, a circuit board in such a chassis may include a temperature sensor. The chassis may include a plurality of variable speed fans. The chassis may further include circuitry coupled to each temperature sensor, the circuitry being further coupled to the plurality of variable speed fans.

Note that in some embodiments of chassis have two plenums, namely an intake plenum 229 and an exhaust plenum 302, wherein vertical channels and corresponding boards 271 are sandwiched therebetween. Accordingly, such embodiments of chassis perform an act 355 to force air into intake plenum 299 and this air is then moved in act 351. Additionally, an act 356 may be optionally performed, wherein a portion of air travels from each vertical channel into the exhaust plenum.

FIG. 4A illustrates the chassis of FIG. 3A in a front elevation view. FIGS. 4B and 4C illustrate a side view and a rear view respectively, of the chassis of FIG. 4A. FIGS. 4D and 4E illustrate a front view and a perspective of a front region of the shelf of FIGS. 4A-4C, the front region being used to form inlet channels. FIGS. 4F and 4G illustrate a rear view and a perspective of a rear region of the shelf of FIGS. 4A-4E, the rear region being used to form horizontal channels. FIG. 4H is same as FIG. 4D with the addition of a section line A-A along which is shown a cross-sectional view in FIG. 4I. FIG. 4I is a cross-sectional view along section line A-A of FIG. 4H. FIG. 4J is an exploded view of the shelf of FIGS. 4A-4I, wherein top and side portions of the shelf are removed to improve clarity.

Referring to FIGS. 4A-4J, note that a connector 499 of a rear termination module 217 mates directly with a corresponding connector 498 of a front line card 211 through opening 234 in the midplane 231. Specifically, in several embodiments, no connectors on midplane 231 are used to electrically connect vertical circuit boards 273 in rear volume 233 to vertical circuit boards 271 in front volume 232. In the just described embodiments, opening 234 between volumes 232 and 233 is sufficiently large to accommodate connectors for electrical interconnection between two longitudinally aligned circuit boards and also enable airflow to pass between these volumes.

Numerous modifications and adaptations of the embodiments described herein will become apparent to the skilled artisan in view of this disclosure. For example, although in several embodiments, there are no openings in the right side wall 212 and left side wall 219 of a chassis for air to exit laterally from the chassis, certain alternative embodiments do have openings in their two sidewalls. The precise location and dimensions of sidewall openings, if present in a chassis, are predetermined based on cooling requirements of electronic components in the chassis, e.g. in one embodiment, the two sidewalls 212 and 219 have openings in an upper region in front volume 232, as illustrated by region 999 of sidewall 212 shown in FIG. 4G. As front volume 232 is maintained at a higher pressure than ambient in several embodiments, airflow through sidewall openings is regulated in some embodiments by baffles (not shown), as will be readily apparent to the skilled artisan in view of this disclosure. Numerous modifications and adaptations of the embodiments described herein are encompassed by the scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of cooling a shelf of electronics, the method comprising: moving air from outside the shelf into an intake plenum that is oriented horizontally in the shelf; wherein a first portion of the air travels from the intake plenum into a vertically-oriented channel, and from the vertically-oriented channel through an opening in a wall into a horizontally-oriented channel, and exits from a back side of the shelf; wherein the vertically-oriented channel is formed by a pair of vertical circuit boards spaced apart from one another in a front volume of the shelf; wherein the horizontally-oriented channel is formed by a pair of horizontal circuit boards spaced apart from one another in a rear volume of the shelf; wherein said wall is located between the vertical circuit boards and the horizontal circuit boards; wherein a second portion of the air travels from the vertically-oriented channel into an exhaust plenum and exits from the back side of the shelf; wherein the vertical circuit boards are sandwiched in the front volume, between the intake plenum and the exhaust plenum; and wherein the vertical circuit boards dissipate more heat relative to the horizontal circuit boards; sensing a plurality of temperatures in said shelf; and using at least one of said temperatures to determine power used in said moving.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein: a third portion of said air travels from said vertically-oriented channel, through another opening in the wall, into an additional channel also oriented vertically; wherein said additional channel is formed by an additional pair of vertical circuit boards spaced apart from one another in the rear volume of the shelf.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: identifying a maximum temperature from among said plurality of temperatures; and using said maximum temperature to determine said power.
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising: performing a lookup of a table to determine said power.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein: at least one fan in said shelf is used in said moving.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein: air in said intake plenum is at high pressure relative to ambient.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein: an external forced air cooling system is used in said moving.
 8. A method of manufacturing a shelf of electronics, the method comprising: inserting a pair of vertical circuit boards from a front side of the shelf up to a wall in the shelf, to form a vertically-oriented channel between said vertical circuit boards, said vertically-oriented channel having an outlet formed by an opening in said wall; wherein the vertical circuit boards are sandwiched between an intake plenum and an exhaust plenum in the shelf, the intake plenum being oriented horizontally in the shelf; inserting a pair of horizontal circuit boards from a back side of the shelf up to said wall in the shelf, to form a horizontally-oriented channel between said horizontal circuit boards, said horizontally-oriented channel having an inlet connected to said outlet of the vertically-oriented channel; wherein the vertical circuit boards dissipate more heat relative to the horizontal circuit boards; wherein a portion of air travels from the intake plenum into the vertically-oriented channel, and from the vertically-oriented channel via the opening into the horizontally-oriented channel and exits from a back side of the shelf; and wherein another portion of air travels from the vertically-oriented channel into the exhaust plenum and exits from the back side of the shelf; wherein the shelf comprises a control circuit to sense a plurality of temperatures of said boards and use at least one of said temperatures to determine a power to be used in moving air.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein: said inserting of the pair of vertical circuit boards comprises sliding a vertical circuit board into a vertical slot in a front region of the shelf; said inserting of the pair of horizontal circuit boards comprises sliding a horizontal circuit board into a horizontal slot in a back region of the shelf.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein: on completion of said inserting of the pair of vertical circuit boards, at least a first connector on a first circuit board engages with a connector in said wall.
 11. The method of claim 8 wherein: when said inserting of the pair of vertical circuit boards and said inserting of the pair of horizontal circuit boards are completed, the wall provides electrical connectivity at least between a vertical circuit board in the pair of vertical circuit boards and a horizontal circuit board in the pair of horizontal circuit boards. 